The Hobbit Argumentative Essay Example For Students

The Hobbit Argumentative Essay The HobbitBy J. R. R. TolkienThe story starts with a little individual by the name of Bilbo Baggins The Hobbit he lives is in his home and doing what hobbits do during the day. The initial not many sections mention to you what a hobbit is and what a hobbit resembles and furthermore what his home resembles. Hobbits are littler then dwarves and eat considerably more then dwarves do, hobbits eat six suppers per day. Bilbo is cleaning his home and planning for a supper when an old companion of his comes past his entryway and begins to visit with Bilbo pretty much the entirety of his undertakings he has been on. Sooner or later of talking in Bilbos hobbit home he deceives helpless Mr. Baggins into get an excursion together with Thirteen dwarves to resuscitate their lost city that was over ran by Smuag, a secretive mythical serpent that was utilized for conveying messages from dwarves and mythical people. To proceed with the story after the discussion with his companion, who is a wizard. Gandalf welcomes himself over again and request to bring a few companions, and Bilbo, a pleasant and polite hobbit couldn't state no. The following morning the doorbell rings and Bilbo joyfully opens the entryway, however in his stun it isn't Gandalf yet it is a gathering of dwarves twelve dwarves in hoods. As he welcomes them in they all present themselves and toward the finish of their presentation the final word s are at your administration, their names are Balin, Dwalin, Kili, Fili, Dori, Nori, Ori, Oin, Gloin, Bifur, Bofur, and Bombur, and to wrap things up Thorin Okensheild these were the remnant of a dying breed. They were the urban areas last any desire for bringing back the city. That night the dwarves remained at Bilbos house with additional rooms. What's more, the following morning they would begin the genuine excursion to their predetermination. We will compose a custom article on The Hobbit Argumentative explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now That morning Bilbo rose late and was left with dishes from his organization and was the just one to tidy them up. In the wake of washing the dishes he plunked down to have a smoke with his channel and was upset once more, however it was Gandalf revealing to him that they are remaining at the town motel. As he hurried to meet them he made it theyre in the nick of time and they began examining the arrangement (for Bilbo was their thief and his activity was to discover the passageway to the mystery entryway on the mountain where Smuag lay sleeping) after the arrangement was talked about they set out on their excursion to restore the lost city. They all were to little to utilize ponies so they utilized horses, aside from Gandalf who was human size. The primary camp they made was close to a waterway outside of town. At the point when they woke up they all had a well breakfast, and got a promising start on their excursion and was practically a protected ride until it began to rain and they expected to search for a spot to camp when Bilbo heard a few feet and they sent him to contribute agate on what was the clamor, and there he discovered trolls and attempted to pick-pocket the troll, however when he put his little hand in the pocket, the troll saw him and got Bilbo by his legs and dropped him thinking about whether he is sufficiently scrumptious to eat. Exactly when bilbo was going to be eaten by a troll, the troll knew there was a greater amount of his sort around in the timberland so the trolls made a snare and they escaped them. When the dwarves got stressed and irate when Bilbo didnt return and he was not noting the calls of the dwarves they followed his hobbit impressions and saw the fire. They got excessively intrigued wit h the fire and didnt consider alert, they where handily caught by the trolls aside from Thorin Okensheild, he set up a battle and cut the one trolls eye. In any case, Bilbo wasnt caught he was simply tossed into a hedge and disregarded. Gandalf was not caught, he left before the dwarves and Bilbo woke up. Subsequent to catching the dwarves they were considering approaches to eat them and harming them, however all of a sudden a voice came and said he couldn't help contradicting the trolls thoughts and they began battling each other and as the time passed they overlooked the sun rise (trolls go to stone on the off chance that they are moved by daylight and not under the ground) and that is what befallen them and permitted the dwarves to get away. Be that as it may, the night deteriorated and soontwo mammoths were tossing stones at one another so the dwarves with Bilbo and Gandalf needed to discover cover once more ,so they rushed to the nearest mountain which was right now involved by trolls , who were at a war with the mythical beings. As they took cover in the cavern they gradually napped off to rest the trolls assaulted in their rest and were caught and sent to the troll ruler when the others were caught Gandalf shot a flare and slaughtered seven of them and followed the trolls down the passages in totally dark obscurity. At the point when they got to the troll lord, Gandalf came out of the murkiness and pulled out an incredible blade (made by the mythical beings that gleamed when trolls are close) and put the ruler directly in the heart, and all the trolls frightened, ran beyond what many would consider possible and permitted the dwarves and organization to escape. When the dwarves hurried to escape they didnt know the path in view of two reasons, one explanation is on the grounds that it was black as night and there were such huge numbers of passages not long after running down various passages the trolls before long pursued them and got up to speed to them, and thumped down Dori who was conveying Bilbo, who wa s thumped down when a troll stumbled him and Bilbo was tossed down a gap and couldn't get together with the others since he hit his head in transit down and the others took off without him. In obscurity, isolated and not knowing where he was, slithering around on his knees he put his hand on something little, round and cold and he slipped it into his pocket. Not long after for some time of creeping he fell into water and went completely under the water when he sneaked out of the water. When Bilbo was gotten dry, he saw a couple of eyes coming to him and was terrified so he pulled out his knife and advised the beast to stop where he was and not to move, the beast was interested what his identity was and what he is doing in his passage. The beasts name was Gollum who was alive for a long time. He would get lost trolls and ones that wandered away from the gathering. Bilbo was frightened of the beast since he didn't have a clue what sort of animal it was or in the event that it was rave nous for Bilbo, so he inquired as to whether he needed to play a game with him. The game was to ask each other conundrums and if Bilbo puzzled Gollum he would need to show him the exit plan, however on the off chance that Bilbo lost, Gollum could do anything he needed to him. Bilbo won obviously however it was long and hard. So Gollum the failure, was distraught and chosen to murder him in any case and do it speedy. So he said he needed to return to his island and search for something that would assist him with finding the way when it would turn Gollum imperceptible and have the option to execute Bilbo, however he was unable to discover it since he dropped it in the passages getting a lost troll and slaughtering him. Gollum was enraged and Bilbo was getting anxious hanging tight for him. The last puzzle of Bilbos was what was in his pocket, which was Gollums present, the ring, and when Gollum had found it he started paddling as quick as possible towards Bilbo, to get his ring back. Bilbo slipped on the ring and was imperceptible yet stumbled over a free root and Gollum ran directly past him and Bilbo got up and tailed him to the mystery exit and discovered that Bilbo didnt know the way so he plunked down and hung tight for bilbo to show up when he was directly behind him the entire time. So Bilbo needed to get away, he ran back a few and he bounced higher than any hobbit had ever hopped and cleared Gollums head by an inch and went through the entryway and past the trolls. After he ran past the trolls there was one more passage he needed to experience and he could see the light from the entryway yet it was monitored with numerous trolls. He slipped in the middle of their legs and their feet and attempted to get out the post window however he stalled out and with one hard push he was out yet he lost his catches and his belt tore. The trolls where astounded how the catches had appeared and before long glanced out the post window and saw Bilbos shadow thus they pu rsued him until he stowed away in the shadows of the trees. He ran for a decent piece until he saw Bifur on glance out obligation. When Bilbo was past him he removed his ring and they were completely astounded how he had escaped the passages alive and he recounted to the story (without including the ring) and they were totally flabbergasted and appreciated him. After they woke up, they began their direction and Gandalf was driving them to an old companion of his. At the point when they got to his property he disclosed to them that he was a skin changer and lived in a spot with a ton of creatures and uncommon plants. Gandalf instructed them to come in pairs at regular intervals or somewhere in the vicinity and Bilbo was to accompanied Gandalf. At the point when they discovered him he welcomed them and they recounted to the tale of what has happened up until now and gradually the dwarves began to come in his home. After dinner they all hit the hay in an agreeable bed and dreamthorribl e dreams about the trolls getting them in their rest and every one of them woke up in sweat. When Beorn got back home from a walk he went to check whether their story was valid, it was so he loaned them horses and supplies and sent them while in transit to Mirkwood , where he let them know of the perils and to remain on the way. At the point when they got to the passage of Mirkwood they needed to send their horses back and Gandalf didn't finish them Mirkwood he returned with the horses to Beorn. They stayed outdoors that night at the passage and when they woke up they would go in and follow the way and they did only that until they got to the primary thing Beorn cautioned them about, the Black River, that on the off chance that you drank from, contacted or fell in you would overlook all that you recollected or knew. They saw a pontoon up stream and tossed a rope and got it as they brought it over they crossed the waterway in pairs with Bombur going last since he was the fattest and when he was going to get up on the land a deer leaped out from a bramble and kicked him into the waterway and as the dwarves took shots at it, it was to late, the dee

Color Coded: A Cultural Critique of the Role of Color in African Ameri

As a race of individuals that have a broad history of being subjugated and persecuted for a few ages, African Americans have increased a bunch of turned belief systems that have been passed down for ages. One that is characteristic for general outlook of the network is the conviction that fair looking African Americans are better than their darker looking partners. Moreover, this belief system has additionally influenced the gauges of excellence inside the race and has modified the mental self portrait, goals, and generally mind of the dark lady. This paper will clarify how the base conviction, that fair looking African Americans are notably better than darker looking African Americans, is the result of innumerable generations’ worth of melancholy history that has figured out how to proceed into the 21st century. This subject is of specific to this analyst as a result of how it has figured out how to profoundly influence a whole race of individuals to the point that their perspective on themselves has been slanted by occasions experienced by their past ages. It is additionally of intrigue since it gives knowledge into why some dark people have experienced certain adverse or special treatment for the duration of their lives because of the shade of their tissue. This point is of extraordinary greatness since it will permit numerous individuals of the race to understand that their mental self views and belief systems are abundantly misshaped. â€Å"The Role of Skin Color and Features operating at a profit Community† by Angela Neal and Midge Wilson is a bit of work that not just clarifies how shading and physical highlights assume a job in Black America yet in addition gives a recorded record of how shades of skin turned out to be such a significant factor. The article dives into a beforehand unknown area by likewise dissecting how the Black lady is e... ... Works Cited Baruti, Mwalimu K. . The Slavers. Kebuka! Recollecting the center entry through the eyes of our predecessors. Kearney: Morris Publishing, 2005. 23-61. Print. Braude, Marjorie. Dark Women and the Politics of Skin Color and Hair. Women, force and treatment: issues for ladies : [papers introduced at establishments held during yearly gatherings of the American Orthopsychiatric Assoc. in 1983 and 1984. New York u.a.: Haworth Pr., 1988. 89-100. Print.. Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York: Plume Book, 1979. Print. Neal, Angela M. , and Midge L. Wilson. The job of skin shading and highlights operating at a profit network: Implications for dark ladies and treatment. Clinical Psychology Review 9.3 (1989): 323-333. Depaul. Web. 28 Mar. 2011. Parrish, C. (1944). The hugeness of shading in the Negro people group. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Chicago

English-Learning Podcasts for Teachers and Students

English-Learning Podcasts for Teachers and Students Podcasting gives a methods for distributing sound projects by means of the Internet. Clients can consequently download digital broadcasts (as a rule mp3 documents) onto their PCs and move these accounts naturally to versatile music players, for example, Apples incredibly well known iPods. Clients would then be able to tune in to the documents whenever and anyplace they pick. Podcasting is particularly intriguing for English students as it gives a way to understudies to gain admittance to credible listening sources about practically any subject they may intrigue them. Educators can exploit digital recordings as a reason for listening appreciation works out, as a methods for producing discussion dependent on understudies response to web recordings, and as a method of giving every single understudy differing listening materials. Understudies will clearly discover the capacity to tune in to these web recordings helpful particularly because of its conveyability. Another very valuable part of podcasting is its membership model. In this model, clients buy in to a feed utilizing a program. The most well known of these projects, and perhaps generally helpful, is iTunes. While iTunes isn't using any and all means exclusively devoted to digital recordings, it provides a simple way to buy in to free web recordings. Another well known program is accessible at iPodder, which centers exclusively around buying in to digital broadcasts. Podcasting for English Learners and Teachers While podcasting is moderately new, there are as of now various promising digital recordings devoted to English learning. Here is a determination of as well as could be expected find: English Feed English Feed is another digital broadcast I have made. The digital broadcast centers around significant language structure and jargon subjects while giving incredible listening practice. You can pursue the digital broadcast in iTunes, iPodder, or some other podcatching programming. On the off chance that you arent certain about what podcasting is ( a listening practice that you can get consequently), you should investigate this short prologue to podcasting. The Word Nerds This webcast is exceptionally proficient, conveys phenomenal data about applicable subjects and is a great deal of fun. Made for local speakers of English who appreciate finding out about the intricate details of the language, The Word Nerds webcast is likewise incredible for cutting edge level English students - particularly the individuals who are keen on informal English. English Teacher John Show Podcast John centers around reasonable English talking in an incredibly intelligible voice (some may locate the ideal articulation unnatural) gives valuable English exercise - perfect for middle level students. ESLPod One of the more develop - on the off chance that you can say that anything is adult now - web recordings devoted to ESL learning. The web recordings incorporate propelled jargon and subjects which will demonstrate particularly helpful for English for Academic Purposes classes. Elocution is moderate and clear, if rather unnatural. Flo-Joe Likewise, a business site for educators and understudies planning for Cambridge First Certificate in English (FCE), Certificate in Advanced English (CAE) and Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE). Propelled level English podcasting with a quite British articulation - both regarding elocution and subjects about British life.

Pierre Bourdieu

Pierre Bourdieu (1930â€2002), Professor of Sociology at the College de France, may come into see an improbable contender for incorporation under the rubric of basic hypothesis. A recent structuralist, whose work now and then seemed to run identical to that of Foucault, a past anthropologist and previous understudy of Levi-Strauss, he was in various regards a distinctively ‘French’ theorist.However he separated himself from the ‘objectivism’ of auxiliary human studies, simultaneously as remaining obstinately contradicted to post-structuralist deconstruction (Bourdieu, 1977; Bourdieu, 1984, p. 495). Besides, his work connected straightforwardly with both Marxist and Weberian conventions in social hypothesis. One pundit has even seen that it â€Å"is best comprehended as the endeavor to push class examination past Marx and Weber† (Eder, 1993, p. 63).Definitely, if basic hypothesis is depicted as far as its goal to change the world, at that point Bourd ieu was as noteworthy a scholar as any. All through the late 1990s, he showed up as by a long shot the most notable scholarly savvy to participate in dynamic solidarity with the new ‘antiglobalisation’ developments. His La Misere du monde, first distributed in volume in 1993 and in soft cover in 1998, ended up being a smash hit in France and a fundamental wellspring of political inspiration to the development, both in the first and in its English interpretation as The Weight of the World.He was straightforwardly involved in aggressor ‘antiglobalisation’ activism, talking at mass gatherings of striking railroad laborers in 1995 and jobless specialists in 1998 (Bourdieu, 1998, pp. 24n, 88n); he started the 1996 officially demand for a ‘Estates General of the Social Movement’ and its May Day 2000 replacement, the appeal for a dish European Estates General; he perplexed the radical ‘Raisons d'agir’ gathering and its related distributin g house; he unmistakably called ‘for a left Left’ (Bourdieu, 1998a); and he was a customary supporter of the extreme French month to month, Le Monde diplomatique.We may include that, similar to Marx, Bourdieu connected a distinctive caption to what is as yet his most popular work Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (Bourdieu, 1984). Bourdieu's notoriety for being a sociological scholar spins around the ‘theory of practice’, in which he attempted to conjecture human sociality as the aftereffect of the strategic activity of people working inside an obliging, anyway not deciding, setting of values.Notably, the term Bourdieu begat to clarified this was ‘the habitus’ (Bourdieu, 1977), by which he implied â€Å"an obtained arrangement of generative plans equitably acclimated to the specific conditions where it is constituted† (p. 95). It is simultaneously organized and organizing, tangibly created and oftentimes age explici t (pp. 72, 78). Somewhere else, he clarified it as ‘a sort of changing machine that drives us to â€Å"reproduce† the social states of our own creation, however in a moderately flighty way’ (Bourdieu, 1993, p.87). Like Marx and Weber, Bourdieu believes contemporary entrepreneur social orders to be class social orders. Anyway for Bourdieu, their prevailing and ruled classes are perceptible from one another not just as an issue of financial aspects, anyway just as a matter of habitus: ‘social class, comprehended as an arrangement of goal determinations’, he demanded, ‘must be carried into connection †¦ with the class habitus, the arrangement of auras (incompletely) regular to all results of the equivalent structures’ (Bourdieu, 1977, p. 85).Bourdieu's most widely refered to examine, however, and without a doubt the most impressive in social examinations, has been Distinction, a work that takes as the object of its scrutinize explicitl y a similar sort of high innovation as that special in Frankfurt School feel. Where Adorno and Horkheimer had demanded an extreme intermittence between entrepreneur mass culture just as cutting edge innovation, Bourdieu would concentrate on the last's own significant complicity with the social structures of intensity and domination.The book was footed on a very exhaustive sociological study, led in 1963 and in 1967/68, by meet and by ethnographic perception, of the social inclinations of more than 1200 individuals in Paris, Lille and a little French commonplace town (Bourdieu, 1984, p. 503). Analyzing his example information, Bourdieu perceived three primary zones of taste: ‘legitimate’ taste, which was generally broad in the informed segments of the main class; ‘middle-brow’ taste, progressively broad among the white collar classes; and ‘popular’ taste, predominant in the regular workers (p.17). He portrayed legal taste for the most part as fa r as what he named the ‘aesthetic disposition’ to express the ‘absolute supremacy of structure over function’ (pp. 28, 30). Aesthetic and social ‘distinction’ is thus inseparably interrelated, he contended: ‘The unadulterated look infers a break with the normal mentality towards the world which, all things considered, is a social break’ (p. 31).The well known stylish, on the other hand, is ‘based on the assertion of congruity among workmanship and life’ and ‘a deeprooted interest for participation’ (p. 32). The distinctive separation of this ‘pure gaze’, Bourdieu contended, is a piece of an increasingly broad air towards the ‘gratuitous’ and the ‘disinterested’, in which the ‘affirmation of control over a ruled necessity’ suggests a case to ‘legitimate predominance over the individuals who †¦ stay overwhelmed by common interests and urgenciesâ €™ (pp.55â€6). Bourdieu's general humanism had set that, no matter what, every single human practice can be treated as ‘economic rehearses coordinated towards the expanding of material or representative profi’ (Bourdieu, 1977, p. 183). Along these lines his inclining to see the intellectuals as self-intrigued merchants with regards to social capital. For Bourdieu, it followed that proficient scholarly people were best estimated as a subordinate part of a similar social class as the bourgeoisie.Defining the main class as that had of a high generally volume of capital, whatever its source whether financial, social or social he found the erudite people in the prevailing class by prudence of their entrance to the last mentioned. The prevailing class subsequently involves a predominant portion, the bourgeoisie appropriate, which too much controls ‘economic capital’, and a ruled division, the scholarly people, which excessively controls ‘cultural cap ital’. The most evidently unbiased of social practices are in this way, for Bourdieu, in a general sense material in character.Even while breaking down the more ‘purely artistic’ types of scholarly action, the ‘anti-monetary economy’ of the field of ‘restricted’ instead of ‘large-scale’ social creation, he noticed how ‘symbolic, long haul benefits †¦ are at last reconvertible into financial profits’ (Bourdieu, 1993a, p. 54) and how cutting edge social practice stayed reliant on the ‘possession of significant monetary and social capital’ (p. 67). At last, Bourdieu comes to talk about current practices in the visual expressions. He sees the present bureaucratization and commercialization of the restricted pioneer field as a danger to masterful autonomy.He registers with restlessness certain ongoing improvements which put in danger the valuable victories of the elitist specialists the interpenetra tion of craftsmanship and cash, through new examples of support, the developing reliance of workmanship on bureaucratic control, in addition to the sanctification through prizes or respects of works effective only with the more extensive open, close by the long-cycle innovator works appreciated by craftsmen themselves. Bourdieu's evaluate of romanticized aesthetic disinterestedness has been inaccurately reconsidered as a hypothesis of broad vain mastery, not least by the ‘consecrated' avant-garde.Bourdieu's socio-examination of the craftsmen has appeared, notwithstanding appealling philosophy, that practically speaking the Impressionists and resulting innovators carried on an agreeable presence when of their middle age, and that typically exhibition proprietors or vendors sold their chips away at their sake, in this manner mitigating them of consideration regarding the Vulgar' needs of material presence. Bourdieu too represents certain intermittent highlights of the shut unive rses of workmanship, for instance the social truth of specialists' battles over social legislative issues, which the spiritualistic record can't explain.Contrary to the conventional desires for sublimated torment, Bourdieu refers to various models where the contentions between craftsmen over their particularly aesthetic interests caused open viciousness: the Surrealists' battle, wherein Andre Breton broke a kindred craftsman's arm, is an a valid example. Nor did the romanticized desires for craftsmanship stop various social makers teaming up with the Vichy system during the 1940s. In The Rules of Art, Bourdieu continued a significant number of the topics previously introduced in Distinction, especially the job of social acumen as a marker of class position.Here he explained how Flaubert, Baudelaire and Manet had been basic to the foundation of a ‘autonomous masterful field’ of salons, distributing houses, makers, pundits, pundits, wholesalers, and all that; and to the f oundation of a thought of ‘art for workmanship's sake’, which estimated authenticity as ‘disinterestedness’. For Bourdieu, the last idea denoted the beginning of the cutting edge craftsman or author as ‘a fulltime proficient, committed to one's work in an aggregate and restrictive way, unconcerned with the exigencies of p

About His Person By Simon Armitage Essays

About His Person By Simon Armitage Essays About His Person By Simon Armitage Paper About His Person By Simon Armitage Paper During my video a man whose voice is marginally shocking however fresh and clear especially when there are other audio cues will peruse the sonnet About His Person by Simon Armitage. I chose this in light of the fact that the sonnet is as though a police officer is perusing a dead people things. The video will start with a brilliant picture of a dead man who is lying on a solid floor it will be as though the sun is sparkling into the camera focal point. Cement can represent the chilliness and brutality of the world that has somewhat prompted the keeps an eye on death. A portion of the pictures that are evoked by the expressions of the sonnet will be spoken to by the pictures appeared. Yet, this won't be the situation constantly, as I don't need the video to be excessively strict. The video will consistently come back to the picture of the dead man as this is the most significant picture and ought to stay in the crowds mind. A portion of the pictures will be emblematic of explicit occasions for instance the shot which shows blossoms being mercilessly stomped all over speaks as far as possible of the connection between the man and the lady. The main other character in the video is the lady with who the relationship has finished with. She is envisioned crying over a self destruction not left by the man. The sound of her crying is indispensable and is proceeded for a few shots after to accentuate how disturbed she is. Sound is additionally used to decipher a portion of the expressions of the sonnet. At the point when the words a support of keys are said keys ate heard shaking. This sound is exceptionally unmistakable and is trailed by the tick tock of a clock, which stops suddenly representing the finish of the keeps an eye on life. The crowd is indicated where the man has cut his wrist. This shot is sensational and stunning and will stay in the crowds mind. This shot will have a red tinge which will include the picture of blood and emotional temperament. A significant picture of the video is that of the photograph which the shows up in the keeps an eye on wallet and the womans memento. This shows how cheerful they were as one and how the two of them treasured the relationship that they shared. It more likely than not been critical to them two since they kept the cheerful picture of them both together near them. The photograph shows them upbeat and in affection which they never again are. The last picture of the ring wobbling is emblematic of the finish of their relationship too as it has been dropped. It is the keeps an eye on ring and he has taken it off before cutting his wrists. While this picture is on the scene the words that was everything are spoken this demonstrated the keeps an eye on relationship was everything and that is the reason when it finished he felt that is live was finished thus finished it suddenly and before his time. The general mind-set of the video is one of extraordinary misery as the man has slaughtered himself because of the finish of his relationship with the ladies. The video expects to clarify the sonnet to some degree yet leave bunches of unanswered inquiry thusly not demolishing the puzzle. The crowd is still left with numerous unsolved hypotheses thus every watcher can make up their own mind and manufacture their own story behind the sonnet.

Paris Hilton comes to MIT

Paris Hilton comes to MIT March and April are so busy around here that even if Paris Hilton did come to MIT, we wouldnt even have the time to find rotten tomatoes to throw at her. This past weekend was an extended holiday because of Patriots Day on Monday (can anyone say Boston Marathon? Congrats to Bryan for completing it! Bloggers have strong track record; Mitra and Sam ran it together in 2006). We also got Tuesday off because MIT is just that awesome (unfortunately, Harvards schedule is different so I still had class on Tuesday afternoon.) I think every MIT student has an intense love-hate relationship with four-day weekends. On one hand, its four days off in a row! Imagine the possibilities! You can go home, enjoy Boston, catch up with friends, and hey, maybe even catch up on work and sleep. And yet, theres never really time for the latter two options; Tuesday night is always so horrendously stressful and work-filled that you vow to never, ever procrastinate again. As a senior, I thought I had learned my lesson, and so I worked on Sunday, was in lab all day on Monday, and worked on Tuesday morning, too. Yet, somehow, I spent all of Tuesday night trying to write a chemistry lab report and listening to It Sucks To Be Me from Avenue Q. But there were several very cool events that happened over the weekend, which I definitely do not regret going to. The first event was the Inaugural Millennium Campus Conference, hosted by MITs Global Poverty Initiative (http://gpi.mit.edu/). Forty MIT students got together to organize this amazing three-day conference, which was attended by hundreds of people around the country. The conference schedule is posted on their website and the keynote speakers included Senator John Edwards, Henrietta Fore, Paul Farmer, Ira Magaziner, Jeff Sachs, and a concert by John Legend in MITs very own ice rink! If you have an interest in global health, many of these names may be familiar to you. I was only able to go to two of the keynote speeches. The first was by Paul Farmer, a physician and anthropologist at Harvard. He founded an organization called Partners in Health, which has made ground-breaking changes in the way that people think about delivering health care in developing countries. He spends much of his time in Haiti and Rwanda, and considers Haiti to be his home. Overall, hes incredibly inspiring and seems like a genuinely nice person who is helping so many people with tuberculosis and AIDS. At the conference, his talk was called This is not a hobby: taking global poverty seriously. He told us about the technological abyss between the developed and developing world and two myths that are preventing us from doing more good. The Sunday morning keynote speaker was Ira Magaziner, who is currently the chairman of the Clinton Climate Initiative and the Clinton Foundation HIV/AIDS initiative. He served for six years as Senior Advisor to President Clinton for policy development, and before that he was a successful corporate strategist. Magaziners public policy experience is immense, and he talked about the Clinton Foundation and how they were able to bring the price of antiretroviral treatments down from over $1000 to about $100 (a 90% reduction) by changing the economics of drug production and partnering with many groups. Magaziner also talked about climate change and then gave us a set of five principles used to inform the Clinton Foundation (including, the need for respect for local leadership and the need to focus spending directly on people and programs). He ended with advice for us students, like only unreasonable people accomplish big things because they piss people off. Thats almost a direct quote =) After hearing about those complex matters of life and death, it was a little strange to walk with my two friends to Fresh Pond, a reservoir about four miles northwest of MIT. It was a gorgeous day and gorgeous weekend in general. The picture below is actually of Spy Pond, which is ~1 mile away from Fresh Pond. There were other exciting things that happened, but Ive got to get back to making pretty pictures for my Senior Thesis so I will leave you all for now.

McDonaldization of Society - 550 Words

McDonaldization of Society (Essay Sample) Content: NameTutorCourseDateMcDonaldization of SocietyMcDonaldization is a process in which first foods have influenced many people in the world. Many people have an obsession of fast foods to the extent that they no longer cook in their homes. This process has taken place in many sectors including health and transport sectors. The society is changing at an alarming, and it is constantly replacing traditional practices with modern ones. George in writing this book on McDonaldization borrowed from Max Weber. Weber influenced George through his process of rationalization and its four pillars. McDonaldization has become prevalent in todays society.In summary, Georges book of McDonaldization talks about pillars of rationalization, forces determining it, and ways of overcoming it. This process remains based on mentality where people seek to replace existing traditional principles. It concentrates on the theme of rationalization and stems its argument on efficiency, predictability, calculability, and substitution of humans by technology. In efficiency, it states that societies have embraced processes that will enable them produce in cost effective ways and give fast services.The summary outlines how calculability has made fast food hotels focus on quantity rather than quality. Moreover, predictability has enabled people to gauge whether they will achieve the same level of satisfaction by consuming same good in different areas. Many forces have catalyzed McDolnadization of societies. Material interest and culture of American who believe in getting the best with easy and convenience have led to its advancement. People should resist the compelling nature of McDonaldization and restrict themselves.McDonaldization is the process in which the societies have replaced traditional ways of live with vibrant modern ways of life. Societies have experienced rampant changes in their social life. Several processes of McDonaldization have taken place in the world. There is tr emendous growth of fast food industries in the world that have threatened to replace entirely traditional way of life. In transportation, people have invented computerized airplanes that do not need pilots. This process has many advantages to societies. It has led to increase in efficiency where people do things in fast and cost effective ways. Customers in hotels serve themselves and queue for services making it easy. Through calculability, people have adopted the policy of quicker is better making them save a lot time. In addition, predictability has assured rational consumers that they will derive equal utility in goods globally. Use of technology to control processes has made work easier and fast by reducing the bulk of job to employees.I think advantages of McDonaldization outweigh its disadvantages. McDonaldization has revolutionized societies from depending on traditional ways of operation to modern fast and cost effective way...

Literature Review On Civil War And Genocide - 2049 Words

2. Literature Review In the completion of this research project research a wide variety of literatures will be reviewed. Broadly, the focus will be on violence including civil wars and genocide, and the international community’s response to violence, focusing both on the theory that unpins response and then more specifically on UN missions and their effectiveness. The literature on violence does not form a cohesive body, rather, for each form of violence there is a distinct literature, and often these literatures do not cross pollinate. For the interest of this literature review a brief review of the literatures available on civil war and genocide will be considered, followed by a brief review of the literature on the response to conflict by the UN. Civil War One thing that the literature on civil war agrees upon, is that there is much disagreement on what civil war is. Amalendu Misra (2008) begins his book Politics of Civil Wars by demonstrating the amount of discord within the academic community on the topic; he provides numerous similar yet different definitions or civil wars over the years and outlines numerous criteria that differ civil wars from other types of violence that may occur within a country, such as coup d’à ©tat’s or revenge killings. Misra notes that due to the varied perspectives â€Å"there exists a mà ©lange of interpretations on the nature and character of civil war there is no commonly agreed position. Given this complexity it is hard to suggest oneShow MoreRelatedThe Conflict Of Syria During The Arab Spring Protests1147 Words   |  5 PagesConflict in Syria There are war crimes being committed in Syria. The conflict started during 2011 Arab Spring protests. The country has been crippled by a brutal civil war ever since. The violence has reached terrifying proportions. 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Methodology - PESTC Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2189 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Methodology 3.1PESTC analysis Purpose PESTC analysis determines the key external environment that directly or indirectly affected the company (Jurevicius 2013). This helps the company to understanding situation of country and helps managers in decision-making either enter the country or not. PESTC analysis normally is the framework that will be selected as the tool to scan the issues of macro-environments (factors that are unable to control by the organisation) that affected the business environment (Vitez 2014). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Methodology PESTC Analysis" essay for you Create order PESTC analysis is a useful strategic tool to understand market potential, business potential and direction for operations (Kotler 1998). Cautions Manager can be making better decision if the PESTC analysis conducts first before completing with the SWOT analysis (Downey 2007). This is because conducts PESTC analysis can provides the evidence to support the threats and opportunities of SWOT analysis. However, market forces will continuous change through the times. Therefore, Babatunde and Adebisi (2012) mention companies should be proactive and conduct PESTC analysis to ahead the changes. Political Political refer to change of government influence that has large influence on companies. Law are always updated and amended by the government such as employment law and intellectual property law, etc. Therefore, an organisation should carefully understands and studies on the political of the targeted country and analyse the issues arise from political environment such as political stability, trade tariffs, tax policies, etc (Vitez 2014). Taxes policy Government taxation policies on the sale of goods and services will affect the decision of foreign organisation to enter the country. If the country has a low or even zero taxes rate will be preferable by an organisation to enter rather than a high tax rate on good sales due to high tax rates cause the reduction of profitability (Klemm2009). According to Keegan and Green (2011), foreign organisation seen the opportunity to enter into China when the reduction of import duties due to the joined of World Trade Organisation (WTO). Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) IPR includes patents, copyrights, industrial designs and trademarks (MRC 2003). Organisation should ensure that patents and trademarks are registered in targeted country. According to Keegan and Green (2010), these intellectual properties that protected in home country may not protect in that countries. Therefore, organisation should clearly understand IPR in targeted country to avoid the future disputation when the problem arises. Corruption level Bribery means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dirtyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ activities involved in business practice such as cash payment during the negotiation of cross-border deal. Different countries have different degree of corruption. Olken and Pande (2011) mention corruption activities are more popular in developing countries compare to developed countries. Basar and Zyck (2012) mention most of the investor prefers to enter a country that is low degree of corruption. This is because the capital use to corrupt m aybe continuously as long as the business are located in the country and this expenditure will affected the profit of the organisation. Economic Economic conditions will affect the level of difficulty to be successful and profitability in a country because it direct affect capital availability, cost and demand of citizens (Koumparoulis 2013). An organisation normally will expand when the targeted countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic condition is favourable to them, such as low interest rate or high purchasing power parity. The others economic changes that are unable control by organisation include economic growth rate, unemployment trends, consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s disposable income and purchasing power parity, etc (Vitez 2014). Economic system is means how a country governed their economic market, it can be categorised into pure market economy, command economy and mixed economy (Peng 2011). An organisation must studies clearly on the dominant method of resource allocation and the dominant form of resources ownership in a country before making the expansion decision. Socio-cultural Social-cultural related to the pattern of behaviour, attitude, education, tastes and lifestyles of citizen in the targeted market (Vitez 2014). Organisation required studies into socio-cultural to adapt and suit in the target market. Additional, they also can forecast the future market situation of the country. According to Churchill, Brown and Suter (2010), organisation can be assessing the demographic such as birth rates, population growth rate, education level, social classes, sex distribution, and family size of the country. Beside this, the attitude of the citizens toward the product categories, brands and retailers also should be identifies and learn by managers to easily shape the target people with favourable attitudes (Nguyen 2013). Technological Nowadays, technology is particularly important for an organisation, especially in communication technologies. The databases and electronic communication enable the information share easily and faster. Good technology enable provide organisation some benefits such as cutting cost and improve service, particular benefit for new entrant (Nguyen 2013). Organisation should be identifying the availability of internet technology and penetration level of targeted country before the expansion. According to Hit, Ireland and Hoskisson (2007), advance technology in targeted country will allow the organisation learn and maintain their competitive advantages. Organisation that fails to catch up with technological trend will loss the opportunities to enter the market or even affected their status in current market (FME 2013). When enter into underdeveloped country, in turn, organisation should think the other way to solve such problem if the market attractiveness is big enough. SWOT analysis Description SWOT is acronym headings of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. According to Sluismans, Lommelen, and den Hertog (2010), SWOT analysis is situational analysis that used to access organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s internal and external environment in strategic planning (Downey 2007). Strengths and weaknesses (such as operation) are the internal aspect of the organisation which they have more control over these factors (ProQuest 2010a). While Lee and Andrew (2000) noted that the opportunities and threats (such as political factors) consider as external factors (either positive or negative market situation) that are out of the organisational control. Purpose SWOT analysis helping in evaluating the factors that influence your operation and giving valuable guidance in decision-making (Mayhew 2014). SWOT analysis can analyse and identify the vital areas of the organisation either to emphasize or do some improvement on that particular area (Johnston 2014) . According to Ferrell and Hartline (2011), SWOT analysis is the simple framework to evaluating an organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategic position during or even before proceeds to the planning stage. Caution During SWOT analysis, the team should be realistic otherwise they are wasting their times to do the meaningless data collection. Solely list down the SWOT only do not provide useful analysis (Johnston 2014). Therefore, SWOT Matrix should apply to support this analysis. Strengths Description According to Ferrell and Hartline (2011), strengths of organisation exist because of resources that possessed by organisation or the good relationship with the customers, employees and/or outsiders. The internal factors can be categorizes in terms of cash flow, products, reputation, profitability and workforce, etc (Mayhew 2014). For example, workforce can be the strength of an organisation if they able create the best product to sales and/or providing high level of customer service to customers. Determine the Strengths An organisation should list down all the strengths of the organisation and compare with the key competitors (Suttle 2014). If the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s vital areas are more competitive than their key competitors, it will be the strength of the organisation. However, in turn, if the key competitorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ expert in that area than the organisation, it will not be consider as strength for the organisation anymore and will becom e the weaknesses. If both parties have the high level of expertise in such area, it also can not consider as strength, yet necessity for the organisation. Action of Manager The identified strengths will become the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capability. Duncan, Ginter and Swayne (1998) mention the manager can leverage these benefits to achieve the competitive advantages during development of strategies. The other way round, identified weaknesses will try to be overcome or minimize the negative effect by the manager throughout the stages. Weaknesses Description Weaknesses are the areas that are not doing well or less efficient compare with others (Reichwein 2014). This means that the organisation is perform worse compare with other key competitors in particular area. Dix, Lee and Mathews (2002) mention organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s probability of success will increase if the weaknesses have been improved. The organisation must be remembered that the strengths will become disappear or even change to weaknesses over the times. Action of Manager The most obvious weaknesses must be come first and then start to do some improvement over it (Suttle 2014). For example, manager identified the areas or functions that cost the organisation in an unnecessary way. Therefore, the organisation can remove the task or cut down the expenditure for the areas and make the plan to profit the organisation (Johnston 2014). Opportunities Beside the internal factors, the trends and situations of the external environment should be concern by managers as well. Opportunities are the external factors or situation that organisations can take advantages (Mayhew 2014). In turn, threats are the external factors that will harm the business activities of organisation. According to Ferrell and Hartline (2011), external factors may enhance or restraint organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to serve the needs of its customers. Dix, Lee and Mathews (2002) mention the examples of opportunity are regional growth trends, new distribution model needed, growth through market segmentation, etc. 1.3.4Threats Dix, Lee and Mathews (2002) notes that the threat means the obstacles of company that prevent them to accomplish their mission and vision. Organisation should clearly identify the threats that have direct impact on your business currently or the period does not longer than 5 years (Johnston 2014). This is because not all the identify threats are likely to happen, especially more than 5 years. Examples of threat are decrease of customer demand toward organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s products, price wars with competitors or the increase in competition (Suttle 2014). SWOT Matrix (Figure 1) SWOT Matrix means the matching of internal and external factors. The four combinations are Maxi-Maxi (Strengths/Opportunities), Maxi-Mini (Strengths/Threats), Mini-Maxi (Weaknesses/Opportunities), and Mini-Mini (Weaknesses / Threats). Figure 1: SWOT Matrix Source: Lee, SF Andrew, SOK 2000, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Building Balanced scorecard with SWOT analysis, and implementing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sun Tzuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s The Art of Business Management Strategiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  on QFD methodologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Managerial Auditing Journal, vol. 15, no. , pp.68-76, viewed 3 March 2014. (Emerald Insight) Maxi-Maxi (Strengths/Opportunities) The organisation strives to maximize firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strengths to capitalize on new opportunities that found in SWOT analysis. Maxi-Mini (Strengths/Threats) Organisation strives to utilize their strengths to minimize the threats that faced in the targeted markets. Mini-Maxi (Weaknesses/Opportunities) Organisation strives to overcome and improve their weaknesses to achieve and gain the new opportunities from the targeted markets. Mini-Mini (Weaknesses / Threats) Normally, this matching is called defensive strategy. Organisation strives to improve their weaknesses and minimize or avoid the external threats of the environment. OLI Paradigm (Dunningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Eclectic Paradigm) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"OLIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is the acronym heading of Ownership, Location, and Internationalization. This framework is developed by John Dunning. MNEs suggest to transfer O advantages at home country to specific countries (possess L advantages) which allow the MNE to internalise the O advantages (Rugman 2010). According to Zhao and Decker (), the organisation will adopt the entry mode with high control level such as wholly owned subsidiary if they possess more OLI advantages. OLI theory using to determines the accommodation of FDI and the foreign activities of multinational enterprises in a country (Dunning 2000). The major reason of organisation becomes MNEs or engaging FDI is due to economic gains. That means the organisation will pursue FDI activities when the gains have be significantly more than the costs of FDI (Peng 2011). Ownership Ownership advantage means the organisation possess the valuable and hard-to-imitate assets overseas (Peng 2011). Ownership advantages normally use to address the question why some organisation go abroad but not others (Neary XXXX). Some MNE has firm-specific advantages which allow it to offset the cost and liability to operate overseas (Nottingham 2005). For example, most productive firm is willing to pay the high cost of engaging FDI but not the low productive firm. According to Zhao and Decker (), ownership advantages can be management know-how, production differentiation or even the owning the property technology that can help the organisation to compete with overseas competitors. The organisation possess vital equity ownership position allows them to have huge management control rights (Peng 2011). Normally, FDI more prefer than the licensing because the organisation can reduces the dissemination risks and can tight control over foreign operations. Location Location advantage means those benefits that are enjoyed by the organisation due to firm do business in that particular place (Peng 2011). In other words, the uniqueness of the country that provide benefits to the organisation that doing business over there. L advantages help to exploit the potential created by the O advantages, which means combining the O advantages with the availability of complementary assets in targeted country (Nottingham 2005).The L advantages in a country include big market size, natural resources, aspects of the infrastructure, education system, and other aspects of external environmental (Rugman 2010). Internationalisation There is a close relationship between O and I advantages, which O advantages of home country normally will be internalised overseas (Rugman 2010). Internalization normally is the reaction to imperfect rules of foreign government toward the international transactions (Peng 2011). For example, the organisation realizes the uncertainty IPR of targeted country will internalize the organisation rather than just issuing the license to local citizens. I enable organisation to exploit their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ advantages internally rather than to sell or license it to present the technology diffusion by competitors (Nottingham 2005).

Impact Of Globalization On Culture, Social Structure, And...

Impact of Globalization on Culture, Social structure, and Women’s Rights in the Middle East Marisa DiGiuseppe C11026914 INS 201 Professor Rodriguez October 7, 2014 Opposition to Globalization Although globalization is at heart an economic process, it is a complex and multidimensional process, which has political, cultural, and social dimensions. These dimensions and globalization’s gender aspects has greatly influenced the life of women in the Middle East. The various aspects of globalization have promoted growing contacts between different cultures, leading partly to greater understanding and cooperation and partly to the emergence of transnational communities and mixed identities (Moghadam, Valentine). The Library of Congress acknowledges that while many nations have embraced the changes globalization brings, more traditional societies have concerns about the nature of these changes and how their people will respond. Despite the increased international economic activities, diffusion of ideas, and mixing of cultures globalization is responsible for; the process has hardened the opposition of different identities. This opposition to globalization likely stems from the desire to maintain cultural integrity, to protect a nation’s heritage and religious traditions, and defend one’s social institutions amidst the global pressure to modernize and adopt new customs. This has taken the form of reactive movements in the Middle East, such as religious Islamic fundamentalism,Show MoreRelatedCapitalism, Globalization and the Perpetuation of Women’s Oppression: a Vicious Cycle1138 Words   |  5 PagesCAPITALISM, GLOBALIZATION AND THE PERPETUATION OF WOMENS OPPRESSION: A VI CIOUS CYCLE By Kelsey Lavoie NDYA, Provincial Youth Liason According to the World Bank, women make up 70% of the world’s poor and their wages world wide are on average 50% to 80% of men’s. 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Essay on The Food of the Gods - 1133 Words

The Food of the Gods For over 2000 years, chocolate in its many forms has been enjoyed and its effects have been exalted. It was believed that the Mexican god Quetzalcoatl left the cocoa tree for the people. The Aztec emperor Montezuma is reported to have consumed 50 goblets of chocolate a day. It is called the food of the gods, literally, as a translation of Theobroma Cacao, the cacao bean. (1). Such a title must imply that chocolate has some naturally occurring superior quality. Why else would we crave it so much more than other foods? For many people, nothing can take the place of chocolate when a craving hits. Chocolate and cocoa have very complex chemical properties and many components. Among the most researched components†¦show more content†¦It is a tetrahydroisoquinoline, (TIQ), or alkaloid of dopamine found endogenous in mammalian brains, and also found in cocoa and chocolate. This research has claimed that salsolinol seems to be one of the main psychoactive compounds present in cocoa and chocolate and might be included in chocolate addiction. Similar compounds have the effect of inhibition of monoamine oxidase (a substance that reduces the amounts of norepinepherine acting on neurons), mirroring the effect of MAO inhibitors which are commonly used as antidepressants. Other effects reflect this general antidepressant influence on the brain. Interestingly, salsolinol was also found to bind with a relatively high affinity to D3 receptors, a subtype of dopamine receptor which is implicated in reward. This may be a factor in the rewarding properties which some people find chocola te to possess. Overall, this study suggested that chocolate may have the ability to psychopharmacologically induce craving and even addiction, especially in persons who are inclined to become addicted to other things. (5). Some research has found that chocolate has the capability to stimulate the production of the bodys endogenous opioids, or endorphins. Endorphins work on opioid receptors in the body, the same receptors on which morphine, heroin and other analgesics work, to cause relief from pain, create feelings of well being and even euphoria. Although scientists claim that one must eat many pounds of chocolateShow MoreRelatedChocolate, The Food Of The Gods1581 Words   |  7 Pages Chocolate, It’s been described as one of life’s â€Å"sinful little pleasures.† It s been proven that there are foods that people are passionate about, a passion that’s more than just love for food. For the true chocoholics like myself, just thinking about chocolate can evoke a pleasurable response. But could something that tastes so delicious actually be good and healthy for you? Over the years we have all heard many negative claims about chocolate, especially if you eat a lot like I do. ButRead MoreFood Of Gods : Cocoa Beans Essay1817 Words   |  8 PagesThe ingredient that will be talked about throughout the paper is cocoa beans. The cocoa bean is scientifically defined as the dried and fully fermented fatty seed of Theobroma cacao, also Latin for â€Å"food of gods† for its properties. Throughout history, cocoa beans have held a place in history and a big impact on both human diet and economy within the world. The aim of this paper is t o look at the origins of this ingredient, it’s uses in the world, how it has grown geographically throughout the yearsRead More Food in Mary Rowlandsons The Sovereignty and Goodness of God2289 Words   |  10 PagesFood in Mary Rowlandsons The Sovereignty and Goodness of God Food is a medium for life, a dynamic of life, and an expression of the whims, joys, terrors, and histories in life. Food, more than anything else, is life. - Anonymous Neither life nor culture can be sustained without food. 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Other gods and goddesses included Loki (the trickster god), Freyja (goddess of love and beauty) and Frey (god of fertility

Post Colonial Essay Free Essays

PostColonial Literature Essay 3. With reference of at least two short stories from the course, consider in what ways either Desai, Munro, Galgut and Rushdie’s stories are Postcolonial texts. You may consider issues such as home and homelessness, absences in the text, place, positionality or anything you feel is relevant to your attempt at decoding postcolonial identities. We will write a custom essay sample on Post Colonial Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Post-colonial literature can be considered as a body of literary writings that reacts to the discourse of colonization. Post-colonial writers focus on issues such as de-colonization and the political and cultural independence of people formerly subjugated to colonial rule. However post-colonial literature cannot be described only by the definition above, many other issues have to be considered in order to fully understand post-colonial texts. In order to understand post-colonial texts, one has to focus on two post-colonial writers: Anita Desai and Damon Galgut. To begin with, Anita Desai is an Indian novelist and short story writer, especially noted for her sensitive portrayal of the inner life of her female characters. Desai prefers the concerns of Westernized, middle-class characters rather than those facing the majority of India. Desai has comments on her work â€Å"My novels are no reflection of Indian society, politics or character. They are my private attempt to seize upon the raw material of life. † â€Å"Diamond Dust†(2000), a second Desai’s short story collection, features a selection of tales set in North America and India, Indian characters and concerns figure in all of them, illuminating Desai’s thematic preoccupation with the psychological effects on multiculturalism. A short story called â€Å"Five Hours to Simla or Faisla† was written by Desai. Shubha Tiwari in â€Å"Critical responses to Anita Desai† argues that â€Å"Five Hours to Simla Or Faisla is one of the most successful stories in this collection because of the clarity of the motives in it. It is a humorous story about the adamant attitude of a Sardarji causing a good deal of tension to the travelers on the way to Simla. † In my opinion, â€Å"Five hours to Simla or Faisla† can be called as a post-colonial text for many reasons. First of all, I think that key character is a crucial thing while talking about post-colonial texts. A key character in this text is really important as short stories tend to be more interesting in characterisation. In this story the key character is the mother’s character as it shows tradition-bound patriarchal culture in India: mother’s responsibility to take care of children and not having a say in the family, being less important than the father / husband. At that stage Desai tries to focus on middle-class women in contemporary India as they attempt to overcome social limitations. Writers’ qualification is also very important in post-colonial texts as it reflects why the author chose to talk about this particular subject in their text. Desai’s qualification is feminine and we can see why mother’s ( the wife’s) character is such an important thing in this short story. Her qualification is also somehow engaged in as to why her daily life is occupied with the complexities of modern Indian culture from a feminine perspective, while highlighting the female Indian predicament of maintaining self-identity as an individual woman. Being an immigrant, Desai sees differences between her culture and Western world. Talking about the mother’s character, she tries to show the limited opportunities for women in Indian society; she tries to find the dissolution of traditional Indian values and Western stereotypes of India. Talking about central characters, we can consider family as central characters in this story as Desai focus on family relationship so much in this text. She talks from a third person perspective â€Å"she†, â€Å"he† and she never mentioned family member names, so she place very long distance between readers and family-unnamed characters makes a little bit difficult to talk about them for readers. Secondly, language/style is also really important in post-colonial texts. Desai’s literary language is not her native language, but English. She uses fluid language and a less flaky, descriptive style. She writes in a very natural way. This text is really interesting in linguistic terms, for example Desai in this text uses words such as kohl which means German politician who served as chancellor of West Germany. We can see here that Desai tries to focus on her real roots as her mother was German. Thirdly, it is worth to talk about identity in this text as identity is a key issue in post-colonial text. Desai use this story to solidify, through criticism and celebration, an emerging national identity, which she has taken on the responsibility of representing. Desai in this text represents post-independence India while she is talking about traffic jam. Traffic jam is like a symbol (symbolism is also an important thing in most post-colonial texts) of the stagnancy of the Indian society: India had never formerly existed and so it a huge issue – national identity crises in India. Traffic jam also symbolizes that members of a postcolonial society have an identity which has been shaped jointly by their own unique cultural and community history, intertwined with that of the colonial power. Desai tries to show cultural and social changes that have swept India since its independence from Britain in 1947. Key passages also play a vital role in post-colonial texts. The text I have chosen is: †She did not need to draw upon her thumb juices for long. The news of the traffic jam on the highway had spread like ripples from a stone thrown. From somewhere, it seemed from nowhere for there was no village bazaar, marketplace or stalls visible in that dusty dereliction, wooden barrows came†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p. 122) I think that this passage shows that the market place finally appeared in Indian society. Market place at this stage is very important as it represents the centre of the community; it connects community together again after British oppression; it is like a sense of community even in stagnancy; it represents a whole nation again. It is always important to look at the title in post-colonial texts. The â€Å"Five hours to Simla or Faisla† title is no exception. Of course, we first look at Five hours to Simla because it makes sense for us- and the text in general represents it, but when we are looking deeper in the text context we make sure that Faisla is an important part of the title too. Faisla in English means judgment/ verdict, so how it is relative to this text? Traffic jam as I said is a symbol of stagnation of the Indian society. It also represents that Indian people are waiting someone to take control of India; to connect all religions together into one India identity/ into one native India. India was damaged by being colonized, so who will bring this country together? Indian people really need someone to take a verdict/leadership. Opening and ending of the text are essential parts of analysis of the post colonial texts too. Desai ends her text with no great judgment and resolution. Short story writers are tend to leave things open. They can’t really solve the problems, but they can represent the problems from all angles and allows people to judge. Another short story, which I would like to analyze is â€Å"The Lover† from â€Å"In a Strange Room† (2010) written by Damon Galgut, a South African novelist. I will start with a speaking person. The narrator is sometimes referred to in the first person singular, sometimes in the third. All this makes connection and at the same time disconnection in one’s mind, especially because Galgut is free and easy with conventional punctuation. Galgut writing style and punctuation is unusual in a way that he does not use any questions marks. Identity is also very important figure in this text. We can see that identity in this text is a migrant identity- the main character in this text is lost in this world, â€Å"he has not made a home for himself†. By this text, the author means that the character has not found a place in the world that he could call home, he doesn’t feel right, and is trying to find a place where he would feel accepted and content. Therefore he travels to Zimbabwe, without having planned anything â€Å"No particular intention brings him to Zimbabwe, all those years ago. He simply decides one morning to leave and gets on a bus that same night. † He also tries to find this place, that in his imagination he could call home. In the text the narrator says â€Å"Somebody has a map and knows which way to go†, he refers to how other people are different than him in a way that they have planned their routine, and have a place they can call home, whereas he hasn’t got any routes or plans, as he feels lost. In my opinion, him travelling around, symbolizes the fact that he is lost. He is trying to change his surroundings, he is trying to find a community, home, to find someone to love. â€Å"If I was with somebody, he thinks, with somebody I loved, then I could love the place and even the grave too, I would be happy to be there. † He emphasizes the fact that he is desperately trying to find a lover, a person who he would love, and that that person would make the surrounding right for him, that only then he would feel happy in the place. The character feels guilt, because he is trying to find a place that he could call home, and a person that he could call his lover, but fails to do that, and therefore he feels guilty. The title â€Å"The Lover† reflects the whole point of this story. In my opinion, the title refers to that person that the main character is looking for throughout his journey. That person in my opinion is the Irish woman that he meets in the hotel and starts his journey. We are told that the moment when they leave the hotel, him and the Irish woman, is the moment when the â€Å"real journey begins†. Sometimes it happens as you leave your house, sometimes it’s a long way from home. † We are told that even though the main character of the story has travelled for a while, his journey has only begun at that time when he, and his ‘lover’, leave the hotel, to go to Malawi. Even though there is no evidence that the woman is feeling any romantic feelings for him, his jo urney only begins now, and this Irish woman gives him hope, and he thinks that she could be her lover, in my opinion. Class issues are very obvious in this text. The officials at the border of Malawi are described as very ignorant, and incompetent. This is due to the fact that when they were told by the tourists, that they were informed by their embassy that they wouldn’t require a Visa. After that the officials shouted at them, and told them that they were wrong, and sent them back to get the Visa. This shows that the officials aren’t well informed, and also badly mannered. This goes to show that the stereotype that most African’s are very narrow minded is still very much true. They wouldn’t allow foreign people to go through the boarded without a Visa, even though it wasn’t required, but they did allow some South African’s through without a Visa. In conclusion, I believe that in order to understand post-colonial text you may consider issues such as identity, story title, characters, language, style, key passages, home and homelessness, place and etc. References: Anita Desai (2000). Diamond Dust, â€Å"Five Hours to Simla or Faisla†. Damon Galgut (2010). In a Strange Room, â€Å"The Lover†. Hart, Jonathan; Goldie Terrie (1993). â€Å"Post Colonial theory†. In: http://books. google. com/books? id=CTJCiLG9AeoCpg=PA155#v=onepageqf=false Word count: 1,967. How to cite Post Colonial Essay, Essays

Contract Law Making Business Contracts

Question: Describe about the Contract Law for Making Business Contracts. Answer: The law of contract A contract is an agreement which can be enforced as per law. An agreement is formed when there is an offer made by one person (offeror) to another person (offeree) and the offeree accepts the offer made to him without bringing any variations to its terms. But an agreement can be converted into a contract when there is presence of intention of the parties to be in legal relation, the parties to the transaction must be major and the transaction between the parties must have consideration involved in it. (SLD, 2012) So, the basic elements which constitute the promises amid the parties in to a contract are: Offer An offer is the primary ingredient for formulation of a contract. It is made by an offeror to an offeree. It is the intention of an offeror which he communicates to an offeree in order to enter into contract with him. An offer in order to be considered as concluded and complete must be communicated to an offeree (Clarke v Dunraven (1897). In order to be valid an offer must be simple and clear.. Further, an offer can be made to a specific person or to the world at large (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co[1893]. When the offers are at world a large then they are open offers and it can be accepted by anybody from the public by acting upon the same. But in case the offer is for a specific person or group of persons then such specific person is only eligible to accept the offer. (Cheshire et al, 2012) Invitation to treat An Invitation to treat is another concept which is many times confused with an offer but rather is different from an offer. In invitation to treat, the person (inviter) does not make any offer rather he invites offers from people upon his invitation. Once an offer is made to him by the prospective offeror then he can either accept or reject the same. If he makes an acceptance of offers then there is a concluded agreement between the parties (Payne v Cave(1789). Invitation normally takes place when there is advertisements, display of goods on shelf with price tag in a showroom, auction etc. (Cheshire et al, 2012) Unilateral and Bilateral offers The offers which are made by an offeror and there is no requirement of any formal acceptance to make a binding contract, then, such kind o offers are unilateral. In unilateral offers the offeree does not make a formal communication of an acceptance, rather, just acts as per the terms of the offer in order to make a binding contract (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co[1893]. Whereas, in bilateral offers, there is mutual exchange of offers and acceptance in order to make a binding contract amid the parties. (Nicolas TW, 2016) Acceptance An acceptance is said to occur when an offer is assented by an offeree. An acceptance is one of the main ingredients in forming an agreement. If an offer is not accepted then there cannot be an agreement or a contract. An acceptance must be clear and proper in order to be valid. In order to make a valid acceptance it must move from the offeree. An acceptance by a person to whom no offer is made is no acceptance in law (Mondial Shipping and Chartering BV v Astarte Shipping Ltd (1995). Also, an acceptance is valid provided the same is made before the revocation of an offer. An acceptance can be made orally or in written form. An acceptance is said to be complete when it is communicated to an offeror by an offeree. An offeree must follow the mode of acceptance prescribed by the offeror and if no mode is mentioned then a reasonably mode is sufficient to make a binding contract. Further, if an acceptance is made via post then it is complete as soon as an acceptance is made and not otherwise. Also, an acceptance can only be made when the offeree is aware of the offer. If an acceptance is made without knowing he offer then there cannot be a valid acceptance. (Jalil A, 2011) Counter offer Further, if an offeree does not accept the offer and gives his own terms or moulds the terms of an offer prior making an acceptance then the same is termed as a counter offer. Upon making of counter offer, the original offer comes to an end and the counter offer becomes the new offer (Hyde v Wrench (1840). Now it is the new offer which is alive and can only be accepted by the old offeror in order to make a binding contract amid the parties. (Jalil A, 2011) Intention to be in legal relation In order to form a contract, apart from an offer and acceptance, there must be an intention to be in legal relation with each other by the parties. If the intention of the parties to be in legal relation with each other is not present then there cannot be a concluded contract. The intention to be in legal relation is presumed to be there in case of commercial transactions but the same is presumed to be absent in case of social and domestic relations unless the same is disapproved (Merritt v Merritt[1970]. Capacity of parties to contract The parties to a contract must have capacity to enter into a contract with each other i.e. they must be major and must be of sound mind. In case the parties are not capable then there cannot be a valid contract between the parties (Nash v. Inman [1908]. Consideration A Consideration is the value in terms of money or may be in kind which is paid to the offeree against the performance of the offer made by an offeror. It makes the promises enforceable in law. (Cheshire et al, 2012) So, all the above elements is required to make a valid contract. There cannot be a contract without these elements as each and every element is mandatory for the contract to exist. Now, various legal issues are now resolved. i. It is now analysed whether a contract was formed and if yes then who all are the contracting parties. Alan intends to sell his book. In order to do so, he posted an ad on his face book page. It specifies that he is offering his book to all of his friends who are enrolling or are enrolled in Kaplan Higher Education. He is offering his textbook and all of his notes. He offered the book and notes @ $200 and specified that any person whosoever is interested must pay him by 5th Nov 2015. Now, it is submitted that the action of Alan is a kind of invitation to treat as he never intends to make any offers rather he intends to receive offers by 5th Nov 2015. So, an invitation is made by Alan. Also, the invitation is only open to the facebook friends of Alan. Now, Bernard is Alan face book friend. On 2nd Nov 2015, he expressed his desire to buy the book but @ $150. Thus, he made an offer @ 150 to Alan. If Alan confirms the offer of Bernard then a valid contract can be made amid the two. On 3rd Nov, the offer made by Bernard was rejected by Alan. So, there is no confirmation of the offer by Alan and the offer of Bernard now stands revoked. Now, the posting of money by Bernard on 4th Nov is of no significance as the offer made by him to Alan is now stand revoked. So, communication of any acceptance without any offer is no offer at all. Charleen expressed his intention to buy the book and thus made an offer to Alan @ 200. However, Alan consent the offer of Charleen by nodding his head. However, the acceptance made by Alan was without intention as he gave his acceptance without intending to be abiding by the same. So, an acceptance without intention is no acceptance at all. Even the act of Charleen leaving the money on Alan table is of no significance. Damien though is not on the face book page of Alan had sent a message to Alan personally. He expressed his intention to buy the book and offered to make the payment by 4th Nov. He later pay Alan the required money and Alan confirmed that he will pay everything to him by 7th. So, there is a valid offer and acceptance amid the two and Damien and Alan are the two concluding parties. Now, Legal position of Bernard and remedies There is no contract that exists amid Alan and Bernard as Alan has rejected the offer of Bernard and thus here is no concluding contract. So, Bernard cannot take any legal action against Alan. Even if Alan has provided him with only the text book still Bernard cannot take any action. iii. Legal position of Charleen and remedies There is no contractual relationship amid the two because of lack of legal intention. Legal position of Damien and remedies Though no offer was made by Alan to Damien but an offer later made by Damien was accepted by Alan. So, there is a concluded contract amid the two. Alternative Dispute Resolutions Normally, the legal dispute is resolved in courts but the same are costly and time consuming. So in order to have faster resolution of disputes there are other dispute resolutions called Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) techniques. ADR can be done in the following ways. (Statecourts, 2016) Mediation Mediation is the procedure under which a third party (neutral person) tries to resolve the dispute between the parties without going into fault of parties but by guiding them. The main aim of the mediator is to focus on the resolution of the dispute without forcing his views or decision on either party. (Buttler S, 2016) Benefits In mediation the parties who are in dispute decide the result at the end. It saves the time which would have been taken in long litigation. The cost involved is also quite less. The parties can understand each others point of view. It can help in saving the relation between the parties who are in dispute and lead to future working and good relation among them. The parties do not approach court which in turn does not dent their reputation in market due to legal cases. Drawbacks In case the mediator is a not a lawyer then there may be issues regarding the language of the final decision of the mediator. A mediator does not provide legal advice. The parties to mediation may try to influence mediator in many ways which may influence his decision. Arbitration In Arbitration, the parties who are in dispute with each other agree over person/persons who is/are third party and neutral to the parties in dispute. The parties in arbitration are accompanied with their lawyers who present their case to the arbitrator and the arbitrator gives his decision upon the material provided before it and as per the merit of the case. The decision of the arbitrator is binding upon the parties. (Findlaw, 2016) Benefits The arbitration is cost effective as compared to litigation. The arbitrations are generally time bound and thus the decision takes much less time as compared to litigation. As both parties decide the arbitrator, so the decision of the arbitrator carries fairness for both the parties and the parties abide by same as they have faith in the person. Finality of arbitrators decision makes it most appropriate system. Simple procedure as compared to courts. The arbitration is not carried in open court so it provides confidentiality to parties. Drawbacks When the decision of the arbitrator is challengeable then the parties may move to court adding cost after arbitration. If parties approach court after arbitration then it is time consuming. Sometimes the fairness issue is there as the companies sometimes hire same arbitrator who favours them in matters referred to them. Location of arbitration can also be suffering for party as it involves more cost and time in order to approach a far destination for arbitration. There is no jury as the arbitrator is himself a judge. The arbitrators decision even if it is incorrect is very hard to appeal. Reference List Articles/Books/Journals Cheshire et al, (2012) Law of Contract. Nicolas TW (2016) The contract Law. Jalil A (2011) Clarification of Rules of Acceptance in Making Business Contracts. Vol. 4, No. 1; March 2011. Case laws Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co[1893] Clarke v Dunraven (1897). Hyde v Wrench (1840). Merritt v Merritt[1970]. Mondial Shipping and Chartering BV v Astarte Shipping Ltd (1995). Nash v. Inman [1908]. Payne v Cave(1789). Online Material Buttler S (2016) The pros and cons of mediation at:https://gjclaw.blogspot.in/2015/03/the-pros-and-cons-of-mediation.html. Findlaw (2016) https://adr.findlaw.com/arbitration/arbitration-pros-and-cons.html. The Law Teacher (2016) capacity law https://www.lawteacher.net/lecture-notes/contract-law/capacity-lecture.php. SLD (2012) Requisite elements in the formation of a contract https://singaporelegaladvice.com/law-articles/requisite-elements-in-the-formation-of-a-contract/. Statecourts (2016) overview of alternative dispute resolution https://www.statecourts.gov.sg/Mediation_ADR/Pages/Overview-of-Alternative-Dispute-Resolution.aspx.